Homos: What's Our Purpose?
Submitted by Jon, who with his dog (vestigial toe and all), lives in Shaw.My mom is fond of saying "Everything happens for a reason." It was a saying I heard a lot during a streak of unemployment after I dropped out of law school. I'd get excited about a job interview, a few weeks would go by, and then I'd be hit with the bad news that someone else had snagged the position. I'd be depressed, and like a broken record, my mom would offer her usual bit of homespun wisdom, "Everything happens for a reason."
It's not a sentiment I generally agree with. In terms of whether there's a higher power, I'm still on the fence. But even if there is someone up there, I doubt much thought is being given to whether or not I'm employed. Regardless of my religious views, I do believe in evolution, and the genius of nature's design. Everything may not happen for a reason, but everything is created for a reason (except my dog's vestigial toe).
Coming to terms with my sexuality, I grappled with homosexuality's purpose. When the forces of a penis and a vagina combine, a baby is made… but what about two penises or two vaginas? Aside from a good time, what the hell is the point?
Well, I came up with a theory. But, before I tell you what it is, let me make clear that I am not basing this on anything other than my own quirky logic ... no studies were conducted, and no articles were read ... it's just me thinking outside the box (there's a joke hidden in there if you look carefully).
Anyway, so here's my theory for why nature created homos: population control. With the world's population growing at an unsustainable rate, nature threw in its own version of China's one-child policy. That's not to say that us gays can't have babies ... in fact as many studies do show, homos are great parents ... we just can't make them ourselves.
This leads me to a question ... if I follow my little theory through, aren't lesbians who artificially inseminate and gays who use surrogate mothers messing things up? Looking through the lens of my theory, yes. Please don't take this as an attack on anyone who chooses to pursue parenthood using these methods – it's not. We all have every right to become parents however we choose. And my theory is probably bogus. But, if it were somehow proven true, we would technically be doing a disservice to our intended function by creating our own biological children.
Putting the whole parenthood thing aside for a moment, imagine how validating it would be to have a defined sexual purpose. Homosexuality would be much easier to accept. Instead of being a conundrum, our sexuality would be regarded just as vital as that of heterosexuals. When you think about it, that's probably the biggest difference between us and the breeders – everyone knows what their purpose is, but with us, it's part of what makes us so hard to understand and accept ... hence homophobia.
So much effort is put into answering the questions of how one becomes gay, and whether it's a function of genetics, but perhaps the more important question is why homosexuality exists in the first place.
Addendum: After writing this post I did a quick internet search and found that several other people have proposed this same theory (many of them wackjobs). I was unable, however, to find any credible evidence to support or disprove the theory.
35 comments:
Oh lordy, there are all sorts of demography implications that flow from this theory. I'm not going to agree with or reject the theory, but here are some points to consider:
Although the world's population is increasing, many nations' fertility rates are below replacement level. That means that more people die in a year than are born. A lot of this is due to wider availability and use of birth control, women waiting until they are older to have their first child (which contributes to the next reason), and women having fewer children across their entire lifetime.
Another contributing factor is migration. Even if a country's fertility rate is below replacement level (ideally, this would be 2 children per woman to replace the mother and father, but some factors cause it to be slightly higher, such as infant mortality, an unequal proportion of births of males to females, and unequal mortality rates during adults' childbearing ages), an influx of immigrants can cause a population increase.
Despite our, um, complicated immigration laws, the United States has a very high immigration rate. And our fertility rate is above replacement level. This population control theory would seems to suggest that the U.S. shouldn't have any gays, but I'm here and queer, and that's your demography lesson for the day.
There are published theories that gay people are a genetic reality in an effort to provide extra care-givers to large families. I'm not an expert on this but my understanding is that gays are more likely to be latter in the birth order and there is a larger percentage of them in large families. The evolutionary theory is that gay people won't be burdened with their own children so can be of use to seniors in the family as well as caregivers for neices and nephews. Actually makes a lot of sense, even in the modern world, if you think about it.
this isn't how evolution works. there is no design, no plan, no higher purpose. that's creationism you're talking about. mutations are sometimes beneficial, sometimes detrimental, sometimes neither. they just are. it's not like this "nature" you mention thought to herself one day, "hey, homo habilis could really use some opposable thumbs," and lo, so nature decreed it should be and so it was. and it was awesome. nope.
also, gays CAN make babies, and they can do so without turkey basters or lab equipment. you'll just have to put your penis in a vagina. the way nature "intended".
I'm with Adam - I completely don't understand people's obsession with teleology.
To quote PZ Meyers: "...the desire or need for there to be some kind of universal plan for their existence. It's not an attitude I understand very well; I don't think it makes life better to believe that there is some ineffable teleological intent behind the events in your life, and no one ever bothers to explain why it would be preferable to be a pawn to a cosmic puppetmaster."
Adam, you're right and wrong at the same time. If having genetically gay babies makes it more likely for your other babies to survive, then those straight babies will pass along the genes to make other gay babies in the future, who are also more likely to survive.
And as Jonathan stated, back when we were evolving and live was a much harsher place, having some help around the "cave" with chores and such could make it more likely that all your cave babies survive and pass along their dormant gay genes to their kids.
i've certainly read about this before and it's contentious at best. kind of smacks of soft scientific conjecture. that doesn't mean it isn't true, but it's....contentious.
Michael,
I think you're missing the point. "Without purpose" does not mean "completely random". Mutations and the changes they impart are obviously subject to evolutionary pressures.
This is not the same thing as purpose; "purpose" implies intent. (Assuming for the moment that the examples you gave are true...)It is not the purpose of gay children to help other offspring to survive, any more than it is the purpose of the moon to cause the tides. It is merely a consequence of the laws of physics and biology.
Couldn't one say that the "intent" of life is to perpetuate itself, and under that reasoning, we gays do have a "purpose"? I hear what you're saying, Rob, but maybe I just refuse to believe in a universe that is nothing but random events.
Which is fine - you are obviously free to believe whatever you wish. I was mostly addressing the statement that Adam was both "right and wrong at the same time". You might not agree with what he said, but he did accurately express an (often misstated) aspect of the theory of evolution - that evolution does not have a goal, and there are no pre-detirmined "good" or "bad" mutations.
It depends on your perspective, Rob. From an atheistic view of the universe, there is no good or bad mutations: what happens happens. But from the point of view from "life", there are good mutations: those that help ensure the continuation of the "species."
I won't be the first gay activist to say this, but I really do believe the radical faeries are on to something. Crossing traditional sexual roles was something reserved for the shamanic sets in many a culture.
Given how "deep" the str8 men are who grunt & shove their way through life, I'm a personal fan of this theory... especially as it flatters my ego.
hmmm....some radom thing to think through, i am assuming, maybe incorrectly, you are at least of christian origin. my suggestion would be to branch out into some neoplatonism, specifically try to tackle some redactions of the Zohar, Tanya, or even Albo would help you understand that, and i mean no harm here, the binary reductionist view of the world that allows arguments between crationism vs. evolution, gay vs. straight, etc... are purely an invention of the stupidity with which greek derived logic has been implemented in the west.
dont trouble yourself too much with the need for a higher power - there is one or there isnt - it isnt up to you either way.
nature is astonishing and the more Neoplatonism i read, and coming from a background of being a zoologist, i am constantly amazed with the always on divinity in everything around me, in me, and on me. how can you even look at a lightning bug and not be amazed at the creation of it? why the hell does it matter if it was "zapped" into being by a superbeing or it evolved or somewhere in the middle, or EVEN BETTER something so complex and astonishing we simply cannot begin to ask the question to begin to comprehend?
as for gay making babies - we Jews have a saying: when someone tells you the way you about the way he or she lives, that is prophecy, when he or she starts to tell you how you are supposed to live, that is bullshit - got me here? you live over there, i will live over here, i will respect your rights of self-determination, you respect mine.
as for the natural order of it all? well my opinion is there have always been gays, always will be, and there are no more now than there have ever been (as a % of population). we have always been hated because we didn't fit into a perceived order of things - nothing more complicated is needed here and having children (while I have no idea why on earth you would want such a thing to be wished upon yourself...) is simply a normative expression of humanity and as Rosie O'Donnell says "same, same, same!" we are all humans.
I did a presentation on this in college. A current school of thought suggests that the genetic factors that make males more likely to be homosexual also make females more fecund (more likely to reproduce). The net effect of this genetic factor is that the number of children produced by extra-fertile females outweighs the number of non-reproductive males created. Hence, the adaptation is passed down the generations rather than dying out.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1691850
This only explains gay males, however, not lesbians.
I did a presentation on this in college. A current school of thought suggests that the genetic factors that make males more likely to be homosexual also make females more fecund (more likely to reproduce). The net effect of this genetic factor is that the number of children produced by extra-fertile females outweighs the number of non-reproductive males created. Hence, the adaptation is passed down the generations rather than dying out.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1691850
This only explains gay males, however, not lesbians.
please delete my first comment, the URL to my blog didn't work
@Michael
(Just an aside, the "atheist vs life" dichotomy you've made is interesting, to say the least. Atheism is opposed to life? Life presupposes a deity? But nevermind...)
Firstly, mutations do not happen to species, they occur in individuals which, by and large, could not give two shits about their "species".
Secondly, on what scale are you judging "good" and "bad"? One generation? Two? Ten? "Good" is entirely based on context/environment, and what was "good" for one generation may be irrelevant to the next, or even deleterious. If you really must label "goals", than you had better be prepared to acknowledge that those goals are constantly moving (and never towards any sort of absolute!).
A few problems with this theory of homosexuality being an adaptation to promote population control. First, if this were the case, gays would be a relatively new phenomenon; we wouldn't have had gays in previous centuries when overpopulation wasn't a problem and in fact failure to reproduce was somewhat dangerous to family and community survival.
Also, that's just not how evolution works. For a trait to take hold in a population, it has to be because that trait's existence in one community gives it an advantage over another community, so the disadvantaged community starts to die out or be absorbed by the dominant community. I don't think there have been any gay-free societies that have disappeared because their heavy-breeding people overpopulated everyone to death, making way for gayer communities to take over.
A.J. made the point I wanted to make: My favorite current evolutionary explanation for homosexuality is that male homosexuality is tied to a gene that, in women, promotes fecundity. So there's not a "reason" for guys to be gay; it doesn't necessarily serve any evolutionarily advantageous purpose to gays themselves. It is merely a side effect of a gene that gives a reproductive advantage to women who carry it. This makes sense because, the way genetic adaptations are passed on (and ultimately evolution is carried out) is for a trait to be passed from parent to child, and since gays are much less-likely to seek out lots and lots of reproductive sex than their straight counterparts, you would think it would be a genetic trait that would quickly die out (since its bearers aren't passing it down). It makes a lot of sense, though, if it's living on an X chromosome somewhere, and women who carry it are more likely to pass it on to their gay sons, along with having lots of other kids, some of them female with the same gene in their X chromosome.
But like A.J. said: It doesn't explain lesbians. But there is no reason that male homosexuality and female homosexuality have to be the result of the same genetic adaptations. It kind of seems more likely that they wouldn't be, in fact.
Oh Jon, Jon, Jon. You are assuming that the whole point to being straight is having children. I think you need to re-ask this question.
In fact, asking this question, while expected and natural, is a little scary and maybe a little disturbing that you wholly and singularly seem to derive purpose only from having children or procreating.
The pinnacle of a life's success is not necessarily based on whether you procreate or not. For some people gay or straight, it's simply not an option. So are their lives any less purpose driven?
What about women who can't conceive? What about men who are sterile? Their lives are purposeless?
The POINT Jon is to love while you are here in a manner that YOU feel good about. Go on your merry way without hurting folks and all will be fine. Do what YOU feel is best but by all means do NOT shackle yourself by believing that the only purpose to this life is to procreate. Life has so much more to offer.
It seems like a lot of people are assuming here that homosexuality is genetic. There's really very little evidence to support this claim, and some good reasons to think it's not genetic.
For one, it follows no pattern of Mendelian inheritance whatsoever. We're also pretty damn good at DNA sequencing these days, and if there was a certain sequence of nucleotides on the human genome somewhere that made people gay, it's extremely likely it would have been isolated and identified at this point.
This shouldn't really come as a disappointment to anyone. If it was genetic, I can assure you there would be some crackpot scientists out there developing retroviral gene therapies to "cure" it. And testing fetuses for the gene. And testing their retroviral therapies on said fetuses. And probably having more or less success in getting those kids to grow up straight.
what about the gay fruit flies aidan? while certainly not human evidence, it does proove that you can make an animal gay by turning on inactive genes. and that's pretty compelling. and having a genome sequenced does not imply that we understand what all of those genes do. not even close.
@Aidan
"...it's extremely likely it would have been isolated and identified at this point."
As Adam pointed out, this is an absurd assertion. There are 20,000-some "genes", and we're not even 100% sure what a "gene" is (or how to tell where one starts and end, etc). You also make the rather simplistic assumption that it would be merely a "certain sequence of nucleotides", rather than, say, the result of interactions of multiple genes scattered across the genome.
While I very much agree that homosexuality may not be a direct 100% result of genetics, that still doesn't address any of the myriad of other scenarios that hinge on genetic influence (e.g. genetic predisposition plus a particular neonatal hormonal environment).
People who don't approve of us will continue to look for a means to our eradication, whether through "reparative" therapy, divine intervention or genetic tampering. That doesn't mean we should turn a blind eye to science in hopes of foiling them.
Rob,
You're right – I wasn't clear enough. The point I was making is that the role of genetics in homosexuality, if any, is quite a bit less determinative than a simple on/off allelic switch – which is the sort of thing it would have to be in order to be subject to the evolutionary forces posited by the proponents of the “female fecundity” theory. It's really not absurd to say that if it was a simple allele, it would have been identified at this point. We don't need to comprehend all the data given to us by the human genome project to be able to identify specific genes which are direct causes of certain conditions. We're able to do that very easily nowadays for conditions which have a pattern of Mendelian inheritance.
I've heard a theory about the genetics of hand preference. It was that there is a right-handed gene but not a left-handed gene. Either you're born a rightie, or you are left to choose a hand on your own and let other factors influence that.
I think maybe gayness is like that. You either have a straight gene or you don't. If not, it's up to nurture (or hormones in the womb?) to influence you one way or the other.
By the way, the Jon who wrote this blog post and the Jon who wrote the first comment (the one beginning "oh lordy") are two different people. I'm the "oh lordy" Jon.
“It seems like a lot of people are assuming here that homosexuality is genetic.”
“The point I was making is that the role of genetics in homosexuality, if any, is quite a bit less determinative…”
-- Aidan
“Less determinative” in relation to what?
Is it possible to assume sexual orientation for straight people is genetically fixed and immutable but the same trait in homosexuals is not? The real issue here is a genetic basis for sexual orientation in general, not specifically heterosexuality or homosexuality.
Debating the validity of genetic homosexuality only accepts the premise that homosexuals are willfully defective and culpable. It also unwittingly accepts the (patriarchal, ethnocentric and heterosexist) bias inherent in the vast majority of biological and social science research, which privileges heterosexuality as normative across all cultures and populations. For examples consult the anthropological work of Sarah Blaffer Hrdy and Donna Haraway. Would anyone seriously assume that genetic determinants of specific races of people (or hair colors) are valid while others are not?
If you need proof of a genetic basis for sexual orientation simply ask a straight person to change. When heterosexuals ask why I’m Gay I respond by asking why they are straight. They get it immediately.
Aidan:
How is it possible to argue a genetic basis for addiction but reject the same premise in sexual orientation? Every individual in human history has had a sexual orientation while relatively fewer have been prone to dependency. The numbers alone suggest the trait of sexuality (whether homo, hetero, bi, etc.) is determined.
Hey, Ben43, how do you feel about the theory that hormones in the womb are what affect sexuality in males, versus genes? There was an article recently supporting Jon's theory, stating that after having had a few boys, subsequent boys are more likely to be gay and they feel like it's hormonal changes in the womb that produce this effect. Check out this article from last year.
Thoughts?
Hey Michael, thanks for the heads-up.
Well, I'm only generally aware of this research. That being said, here are some impressions…
It would be interesting to know if the "fraternal birth effect" is a factor in gestation outside the biological mother's womb. What effect does a surrogate have on a developing male fetus if antibodies to “foreign male proteins” are not present?
If fraternal birth effect is a cause of male homosexuality and if, at some point in the future, our society acquires the technology to gestate fetuses outside the womb entirely, how would this impact the natural occurrence of homosexuality?
The percentage of male homosexuals born before their brothers, or who are only children, is necessary in order to place this information in context. As Bogaert says, fraternal birth order may account for only some genetic homosexuality.
______________________________
On a separate but related note...
In Gay Culture I have observed a general reluctance to discuss the roles of genetics and hormones as they relate to the expression of gender and sexuality. Most things I read about sexuality in a "Gay" space ignore biology in favor of cultural and behavioral adaptation.
I’d like to see a discussion about how (and to what degree) genetics and hormones actually determine what we are and how we present. Testosterone makes men naturally distinct (i.e. aggressive, impatient, linear, etc.). I know this has determined and configured my own psychology and sexuality in ways I experience as “natural” and beyond my control.
Anyway, those are just a few thoughts.
More than likely based on the latest learning, homosexuality is influenced by a combination of genetics and in-utero development. Hormones and all that. Has to do with the development of the brain and such. Transexuality is seen as fixed (unchangeable) whereas homosexuality is seen as highly inflexible probably due to pressure from peer group or a broader influence such as society to be something you are not.
"transexuality is seen as fixed (unchangeable)"
-- ark
So the phenomenon of gender dysphoria is genetically pre-determined? Are we to pretend there is no "pressure from a peer group" for men to act masculine and women to act feminine from childhood forward regardless of how they might actually feel? Are we to ignore how this pressure will produce severe psychological distress in some children?
There's no pressure for boys to play little league baseball and play with trucks???
There's no pressure for girls to take ballet and play with dolls???
The medical and psychological establishment is dominated by heterosexuals who believe your gender must match your biological sex, and are willing to enact surgical violence on the bodies of others to preserve that sacred duality. This heterosexist bias is present in all research on gender identity. For that matter it’s present in all research.
Have you ever thought about why intersexed individuals are always surgically altered to be one sex or the other? Is there anything really wrong with an intersexed person, other than the fact they make heterosexual parents and doctors uncomfortable because they just won’t fit in?
Why is the presumption of guilt, and the burden of transformation, always upon the man who is not masculine or the woman who is not feminine? Especially when they might be just fine in a culture that did not denigrate them for who they already are?
“Aidan:
How is it possible to argue a genetic basis for addiction but reject the same premise in sexual orientation? “
Just to clarify: I was speaking of alcoholism, not addiction in general. But to answer your question, I'd like to start by saying that my assertions on both of these topics are not premises; they are conclusions. In the matter of alcoholism having genetic origins, I'll admit I haven't done a smidgen of poking around looking at research and literature on the matter. I gleaned that little tidbit from my professor and textbook which deal with the subject, and I know that there are tons of checks and balances in place which ensure that I am getting much more accurate and clinically relevant information from these sources than from strangers on the Internet trying to tell me that AA is an addictive cult that doesn't help the “underlying problem”.
Now, as far as homosexuality goes, I am neither a professional geneticist nor would I like to be, but I do have enough training here to understand the jargon in the studies that have been done on the matter of homosexuality and genetics. There's a fair bit of it out there, and I don't want to get involved in a back and forth with people bringing up specific twin studies and the like. I can tell you that nowadays there's not a well respected geneticist familiar with the matter who will tell you that genetics plays a big role in the development of homosexuality (at least not one without some heavy of idealogical baggage).
If anything, it's more along the lines of “alleles a, b, c, d, and e may have slightly predisposed individual F to developing homosexuality, while alleles b, g, h, and I may have slightly predisposed inidividual J to developing homosexuality.”
If some people are persuaded to support civil rights for gay people because of the crazy shit we can make fruit flies do by screwing with their genes, that's well and good, but it's not especially relevant in figuring out the epigenesis of homosexuality.
Also, you're setting up a false dichotomy with this question: “Is it possible to assume sexual orientation for straight people is genetically fixed and immutable but the same trait in homosexuals is not?” My position is that from what we currently know, it's not a tenable position to hold that genetics plays a large role in the development of sexual object choice.
New research from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden as reported at Salon.com…
http://www.salon.com/env/mind_reader/2008/09/12/gay_neurology/
As “reported in the June 16, 2008, issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [lead neuroscientist Ivanka] Savic said, "This is the most robust measure so far of cerebral differences between homosexual and heterosexual subjects." Although Savic admits that her study cannot distinguish between genetic or prenatal intrauterine environmental changes, such as relative differences in sex hormone levels, her studies do suggest that our sexual preferences are, at least in large part, determined by the time of birth.
Dean Hamer on genes for sexual orientation:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEG-EBUU7n8
Ben42 --
I didn't say transexuality was wholly genetically determined and I didn't mean to imply that.
Plus very poorly written on my part.
I didn't mean to say that transexuals don't have to deal with an amazing amount of societal pressure. Of course they do.
In fact, I am amazed by some of the transformations that trans men and women have made and am deeply moved by what I have seen. I could only hope to have half the courage that trangendered people (transformation or not) exhibit in their daily lives.
As for the question or timing of transformation, I feel that it's best to be of an adult age to make that decision. Only an adult transgendered person can make that kind of a decision. Period.
I think it's disgusting that trangendered adults have been forced to have sex change operations (i.e., mutilated) when they were children.
Now the best science shows that it's not so clear cut in the world of transgendered people in terms of how they gender-identify as children and that being scalpel happy when transgendered folks are kids is NOT the way to go.
It's simply a physical trait that requires a transgendered male or female to be around open minded people to let them be who they are and let them grow into adulthood when they can make a much more informed decision of who they really are and how they want to proceed, operation or no operation. Live and let live is indeed a motto I live by.
I love transgendered people and you will be hardpressed to find someone who is as supportive as I am of their movement.
Just a few comments:
- It's usually called "transition", not "transformation", when you're talking specifically about the process of changing gender presentation.
- Ark, I think you are confusing "intersex" with "transgender". While there are certainly intersex people who identify as trans, it is intersex people specifically who are likely to be subjected to non-consentual surgery in their childhood.
- In regards to the timing of transitioning (and your statement that only an adult can make that decision), I would respectfully disagree. Going through the puberty can be massively traumatic for trans people, and if they are mature enough (and they have the support structure) to pursue medical intervention before they acquire secondary sexual characteristics they will only have to get rid of later, all the better for them.
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